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Objective To study the relationship between bronchial asthma and smoking status in Chinese people.Methods Asthma epidemiological survey and stratified-cluster-random method survey were performed in residents over 14 years in 8 provinces (cities) of China from February 2010 to August 2012.Asthma was diagnosed based upon case history,clinical signs and lung function test.Smoking status was investigated by questionnaire.Results Sampling population was 180 099 and 164 215 were valid.A total of 2 034 subjects were diagnosed as asthma including 79 692 men and 84 523 women.The overall prevalence rate of asthma was 1.24％ (2 034/164 215).Smokers were 23.8％ (39 137/164 215) in the whole population.Smokers were 34.5％ (702/2 034) in asthmatic patients,compared with 23.7％ (38 435/ 162 181) in no-asthmatic population.The incidence of asthma was 1.79％ and 1.06％ in smokers and nonsmokers respectively (P ＜0.001),suggesting that OR of smoking was 1.70 (95％ CI 1.55-1.86,P ＜ 0.001).According to asthma control test (ACT) score,the level of asthma control in non smoking group was higher than that in smoking group(43.2％ vs 35.3％).The times of hospitalization due to acute exacerbations (0.51 vs 0.41 events/person/year),total hospitalization rate (27.35 ％ vs 20.12％),annual emergency room visits (0.80 vs 0.60 events/person/year) and emergency room visit rate (31.77％ vs 24.47％) were all much higher in smoking asthmatic patients than those in non smoking asthmatic patients,indicating that the level of asthma control in smoking patients was significantly worse than in non smoking patients.Conclusions The smoking rate in Chinese people over 14 years is still high.The prevalence rate of asthma in smokers is significantly higher than that of non-smokers.The level of asthma control in smokers is significantly worse than that in non smokers.
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A total of 60 patients with an acute attack of asthma were studied.On presentation,fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and the serum concentrations of procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured.And sputum culture was also performed.The patients were re-evaluated while returning to their clinical remission states.They were classified into 2 groups:patients with bacterial infection (group A) and those with nonbacterial infection (group B).The levels of FeNO were significantly higher in patients with acute exacerbation than those in remission.No difference existed between groups A and B ( P ＞ 0.05 ).The levels of PCT and CRP of group A with acute exacerbation were significantly higher than those of group B( all P ＜0.05).While in remission,the levels of PCT and CRP decreased significantly in group A ( P ＜ 0.05 ) ; But compared with exacerbation,the levels of PCT and CRP showed no change in group B (P ＞0.05).And no differences existed between two groups while in remission (P ＞ 0.05 ).An elevation of FeNO indicates the acute exacerbation of asthma.And the increased serum levels of PCT and CRP are associated with bacterial infection.
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According to the characteristics of general surgery class teaching,methods and experiences of the application of associative approach to general surgery class teaching were analyzed,such as word,picture,contrast,comprehensive,analogical and association,which is advantageous to the improvement of class teaching methods,effects and students' study interests and ideation.
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Objective To study the expression of p27kip1 and Ki67 proteins in various types of gastric polyp and the relationship be-tween gastric polyp and gastric carcinoma (CA:). Methods The expression of p27kip1 and Ki67 proteins were detected in normal gastric mu-cosa, hyperplasie polyp, adenomatons polyp, and carcinoma by S-P immunohistochemical staining. Results In the normal gastric mucosa,hyperplasie polyp, adenomatous polyp and gastric carcinoma, the expression rate of the p27kip1 protein was 90. 00% ,70. 00% ,65.00% and 30. 43%, respectively. The positive rate of p27kip1 protein in gastric cancer was significantly lower than that in other tissues. The rate of Ki67 protein expression in those tissues was 10. 00%, 15.00%, 45.00%, and 73.33%, respectively. The positive rate of Ki67 protein in gastric cancer was significantly higher than that in other tissues. And the positive rate of Ki67 in adenomatous polyp was significantly higher than that in the normal gnstric mucosa and hyperplasic polyp. There were significant differences among them(P <0.05). There was no correlation between the expression of p27kip1 and Ki67 proteins in gastric polyp(rs=-0. 093, P >0. 05). Conclusion Detection of p27kip1 and Ki67 proteins in gastric polyp was very helpful in early diagnosis and prognosis of GC.
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This study explored the role of apoptosis of alveolar wall cells of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with pulmonary emphysema in the pathogenesis of emphysema. The subjects were divided into three groups: COPD patients with pulmonary emphysema (COPD group), asymptomatic smokers and non-smokers. Lung tissues were harvested and histologically assessed. TUNEL assay was employed to determine the apoptotic cells. The expression of PCNA, Bax and SP-C in the lung alveolar wall cells were immunohistochemically determined. SP-C immunofluorescence staining was used to identify type II alveolar cells in the TUNEL-positive cells. The mean linear interval (MLI), mean alveoli number (MAN) and mean alveoli area (MAA) in COPD group were significantly different as compared with those in asymptomatic smokers and non-smokers, respectively (P<0.01). The proliferation index (PI), apoptosis index (AI) and the percentage of Bax-positive cells in COPD group were significantly greater than those of asymptomatic smokers and non-smokers (P<0.01). However, the percentage of SP-C-positive cells was significantly lower in COPD group than in asymptomatic smokers and non-smokers (P<0.01). Most of the TUNEL-positive cells expressed SP-C. In COPD group, the apoptosis of alveolar wall cells, especially apoptosis of type-II cells, may take part in the pathogenesis of emphysema. Up-regulation of Bax expression may be responsible for the apoptosis of alveolar wall cells in the COPD patients with pulmonary emphysema.
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AIM: To compare the effects of ceftibuten and ofloxacin in treating urinary tract infections (UTI). METHODS: The 102 UTI patients (M 45, F 57; age 49 a± s 13 a) were divided randomly into two groups (each group including 51 patients). The ceftibuten group (31 secondry UTI patients and 20 primary UTI patients) were given ceftibuten 400 mg, po, qd for 10.4 d±2.7 d. The ofloxacin group (30 secondary UTI patients and 21 primary UTI patients) were given ofloxacin 100 mg, po, tid for 10 d±3 d. RESULTS: The total effect rate of two groups was 92 % and 76 %(P<0.05) respectively. The total bacterial clearance rate of two group was 92 % and 78 % (P>0.05) respectively. CONCLUSION: Ceftibuten is more effective than ofloxacin in treating UTI patients.